Impact of genetic background as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A protocol for a nationwide genetic case-control (CV-GENES) study in Brazil.

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) represents the leading cause of death worldwide, and individual screening should be based on behavioral, metabolic, and genetic profile derived from data collected in large population-based studies. Due to the polygenic nature of ASCVD, we aimed to assess the association of genomics with ASCVD risk and its impact on the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral artery thrombotic-ischemic events at population level. CardioVascular Genes (CV-GENES) is a nationwide, multicenter, 1:1 case-control study of 3,734 patients in Brazil. Inclusion criterion for cases is the first occurrence of one of the ASCVD events. Individuals without known ASCVD will be eligible as controls. A core lab will perform the genetic analyses through low-pass whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing. In order to estimate the independent association between genetic polymorphisms and ASCVD, a polygenic risk score (PRS) will be built through a hybrid approach including effect size of each Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), number of effect alleles observed, sample ploidy, total number of SNPs included in the PRS, and number of non-missing SNPs in the sample. In addition, the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants will be screened in 8 genes (ABCG5, ABCG8, APOB, APOE, LDLR, LDLRAP1, LIPA, PCSK9) associated with atherosclerosis. Multiple logistic regression will be applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and population attributable risks will be calculated. Clinical trial registration: This study is registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05515653).

Oral microbiome homogeneity across diverse human groups from southern Africa: first results from southwestern Angola and Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: While the human oral microbiome is known to play an important role in systemic health, its average composition and diversity patterns are still poorly understood. To gain better insights into the general composition of the microbiome on a global scale, the characterization of microbiomes from a broad range of populations, including non-industrialized societies, is needed. Here, we used the portion of non-human reads obtained through an expanded exome capture sequencing approach to characterize the saliva microbiomes of 52 individuals from eight ethnolinguistically diverse southern African populations from Angola (Kuvale, Kwepe, Himba, Tjimba, Kwisi, Twa, !Xun) and Zimbabwe (Tshwa), including foragers, food-producers, and peripatetic groups (low-status communities who provide services to their dominant neighbors). RESULTS: Our results indicate that neither host genetics nor livelihood seem to influence the oral microbiome profile, with Neisseria, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Rothia, and Porphyromonas being the five most frequent genera in southern African groups, in line with what has been shown for other human populations. However, we found that some Tshwa and Twa individuals display an enrichment of pathogenic genera from the Enterobacteriaceae family (i.e. Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella) of the Proteobacteria phylum, probably reflecting deficient sanitation and poor health conditions associated with social marginalization. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggest that socio-economic status, rather than ethnolinguistic affiliation or subsistence mode, is a key factor in shaping the salivary microbial profiles of human populations in southern Africa.

Obesidade infantil em tempos de pandemia: uma revisão integrativa / Childhood obesity in pandemic times: an integrative review / Obesidad infantil en tiempos de pandemia: una revisión integradora

A obesidade é considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública mundial, sendo caracterizada como uma epidemia global, e durante a pandemia de COVID-19, o isolamento social e as mudanças nos hábitos de vida podem ter influenciado para o aumento dos índices de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo é analisar na literatura de que forma a pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter influenciado no aumento da obesidade infantil. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca feita nas bases de dados Cinahl, PubMed e Scopus, com uso de descritores e booleanos aplicados em cada base de dados. Ao todo 14 estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão. A maioria dos estudos tinha ênfase avaliação de intervenções, bem como comparação das taxas de obesidade antes e durante a pandemia, e os efeitos dessas mudanças a longo prazo. Além de enfatizar sobre a participação dos pais e a construção de políticas públicas no combate à epidemia global de obesidade infantil. A pandemia contribuiu para o aumento de casos de sobrepeso e obesidade, bem como agravou os casos de crianças que já apresentavam tais características. Desta forma compreender sobre a situação desse problema de saúde, após um longo período de confinamento, pode auxiliar e engajar os profissionais da saúde na construção e estabelecimento de estratégias no combate da obesidade infantil e incentivar a participação dos pais na promoção de mudanças no estilo de vida.

Obesity is considered a major public health problem worldwide, being characterized as a global epidemic, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation and changes in lifestyle habits may have influenced the increase in obesity rates in children and adolescents. Thus, the purpose of the study is to analyze in the literature how the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the increase in childhood obesity. This is an integrative literature review, with a search conducted in the Cinahl, PubMed, and Scopus databases, with the use of descriptors and booleans applied in each database. A total of 14 studies were included in this review. Most of the studies had an emphasis on evaluation of interventions, as well as comparison of obesity rates before and during the pandemic, and the long-term effects of these changes. In addition to emphasizing on parent participation and building public policy to combat the global epidemic of childhood obesity. The pandemic contributed to the increase of overweight and obesity cases, as well as worsened the cases of children who already presented such characteristics. Thus, understanding the situation of this health problem after a long period of confinement can help and engage health professionals in the construction and establishment of strategies to combat childhood obesity and encourage parental participation in promoting lifestyle changes.

La obesidad es considerada un importante problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, caracterizándose como una epidemia mundial, y durante la pandemia de COVID-19, el aislamiento social y los cambios en los hábitos de vida pueden haber influido en el aumento de las tasas de obesidad en niños y adolescentes. Así, el propósito del estudio es analizar en la literatura cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 pudo haber influido en el aumento de la obesidad infantil. Esta es una revisión integrativa de la literatura, con una búsqueda realizada en las bases de datos Cinahl, PubMed y Scopus, con el uso de descriptores y booleanos aplicados en cada base de datos. En esta revisión se incluyeron un total de 14 estudios. La mayoría de los estudios hicieron hincapié en la evaluación de las intervenciones, así como en la comparación de las tasas de obesidad antes y durante la pandemia, y los efectos a largo plazo de estos cambios. Además de enfatizar en la participación de los padres y construir políticas públicas para combatir la epidemia mundial de obesidad infantil. La pandemia ha contribuido al aumento de los casos de sobrepeso y obesidad, así como al empeoramiento de los casos de niños que ya presentan tales características. Por lo tanto, comprender la situación de este problema de salud después de un largo período de encierro puede ayudar y comprometer a los profesionales de la salud en la construcción y establecimiento de estrategias para combatir la obesidad infantil y fomentar la participación de los padres en la promoción de cambios en el estilo de vida.

Os caminhos do parkour em Vitória/es / The paths of parkour in Vitória/es

O Parkour é uma prática que vem ganhando espaço nas cidades brasileiras, uma vez que o mobiliário urbano apresenta um cenário perfeito para essa manifestação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o surgimento e o desenvolvimento do Parkour em Vitória, Espírito Santo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, na qual se utilizou para a coleta de dados a entrevista estruturada com um praticante de reconhecido envolvimento com o Parkour. Com base nos resultados, estabeleceram-se as categorias que trataram da história do Parkour na capital capixaba, os aspectos pedagógicos de seu ensino-aprendizado e o perfil de seus praticantes. Foi possível constatar que o Parkour surgiu em Vitória em 2004 sob forte influência midiática. Seus participantes são na maioria jovens e seu desenvolvimento ocorreu por meio da divulgação empírica entre os grupos de praticantes e como forma de lazer e confraternização.

Parkour is a practice that has been gaining ground in Brazilian cities which, with their urban furniture, form a perfect setting for its exercise. The objective of this work was to investigate the emergence and development of Parkour in Vitória/ES. This is an exploratory qualitative research. A structured interview with a practitioner with recognized involvement with Parkour was used for data collection. Based on the results, categories were established that dealt with the history of Parkour in Vitória, the pedagogical aspects of its teaching-learning and the profile of its practitioners. It was possible to verify that Parkour appeared in the capital of Espírito Santo in 2004 under strong media influence. Its participants are mostly young people and its development was based on empirical dissemination among groups of practitioners and as a form of leisure and socializing.

Influence of creep feeder position on the behavior and performance of preweaning piglets and sows in a hot climate environment.

The use of creep feeding for preweaning piglets is important to improve the performance of the piglets. The objective of this experiment was evaluate the effect of using or altering the position of piglet's creep feeder during lactation on piglet's performance and on behavior of piglets and sows kept in a hot climate environment. Forty-five sows and their litters at 10 days of lactation were randomly distributed into three treatments: front feeder (FF) - near the side of the sow's head; back feeder (BF) - near the side of the rump of the sow; and no feeder (NF). All piglets were weighed individually to evaluate the average weight, weight gain and coefficient of variation of the weight. Behavior assessments of the piglets and sows were recorded in 3 period. At 15 and 21 d, piglets of the FF treatment were heavier (P ≤ 0.0001) than piglets of the other treatments. At 10-21d piglets of FF treatment had 76.2% less belly nosing behavior than the NF piglets (P=0.015). The treatments had no impact on behavior of the sows. The creep feeders positioned in the front of the farrowing crate increased piglet growth rate and decreased frequency of belly nosing behavior.

Cardiac rehabilitation in older patients: Indication or limitation?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical impact of a cardiac rehabilitation program in an older population. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 731 coronary patients who attended phase 2 of a cardiac rehabilitation program between January 2009 and December 2016. We compared the response to the program of older (≥65 years) and younger (<65 years) patients, analyzing changes in metabolic profile (including body mass index, waist circumference and lipid profile), exercise capacity, cardiac autonomic regulation parameters (such as chronotropic index and resting heart rate), and health-related quality of life scores. RESULTS: Older patients represented 15.9% of our cohort. They showed significant reductions in waist circumference (male patients: 98.0±7.9 cm vs. 95.9±7.9 cm, p<0.001; female patients: 90.5±11.4 cm vs. 87.2±11.7 cm, p<0.001), LDL cholesterol (102.5 [86.3-128.0] mg/dl vs. 65.0 [55.0-86.0] mg/dl, p<0.001) and triglycerides (115.0 [87.8-148.5] mg/dl vs. 97.0 [81.8-130.0] mg/dl, p<0.001). Post-training data also showed a noticeable improvement in older patients' exercise capacity (7.6±1.8 METs vs. 9.3±1.8 METs, p<0.001), along with a higher chronotropic index and lower resting heart rate. Additionally, health-related quality of life indices improved in older subjects. However, our overall analysis found no significant differences between the groups in changes of the studied parameters. CONCLUSION: Older coronary patients benefit from cardiac rehabilitation interventions, similarly to their younger counterparts. Greater involvement of elderly patients in cardiac rehabilitation is needed to fully realize the therapeutic and secondary preventive potential of such programs.

Pressure pain threshold of masticatory muscles in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Pain is considered a stressful experience, related to real or possible tissue damage with emotional, sensory, social and cognitive components. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare, using a digital algometer, the pressure pain threshold of temporal and masseter muscles of children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data regarding gender and age were collected from the caregiver of children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. The evaluations followed this sequence: pressure pain threshold of the masseter and temporal muscles, evaluation of pain on touch using the visual analog scale and signs and symptoms of Temporomandibular disorder. The χ2 test, the Kolgomorov-Smirnov test, Student t test and Mann-Whitney test were performed. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Two homogeneous groups by gender (P = 0.258) and age (P = 0.727) were evaluated, of which 25 children and adolescents presented intellectual disability and another 25 did not have intellectual disability. No significant difference was observed between groups on the pressure pain threshold of the masseter and temporal muscles, nor pressure average or exam time (P > 0.05). Regarding Temporomandibular dysfunction, no difference in signs or symptoms frequency was found (P > 0.05). However, the range of maximum mouth opening was smaller in the intellectual disability group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with intellectual disability and preserved basic functionalities do not present alterations in pain perception when evaluated with computerized pressure algometer and visual analog scale. They present similar threshold of pain to pressure as those reported by normative children and adolescents. These results emphasize the importance to treat these children and adolescents with intellectual disability with respect to their pain threshold.

Spatial distribution and colonization pattern of Bemisia tabaci in tropical tomato crops.

BACKGROUND: In precision integrated pest management, management tactics are implemented only where and when needed, by identifying the sites where the pest population has reached economic thresholds. Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (Linn.), is a vegetable cultivated worldwide, but its production is reduced by insect pests such as the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). To improve management, there is a need to understand B. tabaci spatial dynamics in tomato fields, which will elucidate colonization patterns and may improve management of this pest. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the spatial autocorrelation, distribution, and colonization patterns of B. tabaci in 19 commercial tomato fields through the growing season. RESULTS: A total of 69 isotropic variograms were fit for B. tabaci. The insect distribution was aggregated with a strong level of spatial dependence. Ranges of spatial dependence varied from 0.53 to 19.05 m and 0.5 to 20 m for adults and nymphs, respectively. Overall, densities of adults and nymphs were higher and reached the economic threshold mainly at the field edges. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a colonization pattern for B. tabaci starting at the edges and spreading inwards in to the tomato fields. This study can improve B. tabaci management in tomato fields, especially scouting and decision-making to treat fields. Scouting for this pest should be directed to the field edges, with sample points at least 20 m apart from each other for independent insect counts. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Left ventricular pacing with a temporary pacemaker: Case report.

We report a case of temporary pacemaker lead malposition in the left ventricle crossing the interventricular septum (IVS). The majority of described cases occur due to a patent foramen ovale and are frequently incidental findings. A course across the IVS is rarely found and this complication with temporary leads is not even reported in the literature. This very rare location entails a risk of dangerous complications associated with left-to-right flow after lead removal. Echocardiography was an essential tool to diagnose the lead's course inside the heart and enabled secure removal of the lead with cardiac surgery backup.

Role of Left Ventricle Function in Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcomes in Stage B Heart Failure Patients.

PURPOSE: To study the role of left ventricle systolic function in cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) response in stage B heart failure patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was completed of 691 patients with previous myocardial infarction that underwent a CRP, classified in 3 groups: preserved ejection fraction (pEF), mid-range ejection fraction (mrEF), and reduced ejection fraction (rEF). We compared the response to CRP analyzing the relative changes of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRFe), resting heart rate (HR), and chronotropic index (CI). RESULTS: After exercise training (median [interquartile range]) mrEF (23.9% [9.7, 40.8]) and rEF (23.9% [9.7, 41.2]) groups had a better CRFe response to CRP than pEF groups (17.6% [0.0, 35.9]), P = .009. CI increased similarly in all groups. We found a small effect of CRP on resting HR. CONCLUSION: Exercise-based CRP yields notable benefits to mrEF and rEF groups and the magnitude of its benefits is, at least, similar to that found in pEF patients.

Benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Coronary Artery Disease: DOES WEIGHT MATTER?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the response of patients with obesity to a cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP), compared with patients without obesity. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 731 patients who completed phase II of a CRP after an acute coronary syndrome. The response to the CRP was assessed using the relative changes in exercise capacity (EC), resting heart rate (HR), and chronotropic index (CI). RESULTS: Only 23% of patients had obesity. Patients with obesity showed lower EC and CI at baseline and at the end of phase II of the CRP. Despite that, we reported a higher relative improvement for EC in patients with obesity (median [interquartile range], 23.9% [5.2, 40.8] vs 17.6% [8.1, 35.9], P = .043) and similar improvements in CI (10.9% [-1.4 to 34.2] vs 7.1% [-7.1 to 28.2], P = .100), compared with patients without obesity. There were no significant changes in resting HR. CONCLUSION: Regardless of their lower exercise performance at baseline, patients with obesity had a remarkably positive response to the CRP compared with patients without obesity.

Vidas imaginadas pelas trincheiras do proibicionismo: uma leitura pós- e de-colonial sobre a política de drogas e agências da subalternidade / Imagined lives by the trenches of the prohibitionism: a post- and de-colonial reading of drug policy and subalternity agencies

É possível enxergar o proibicionismo e as pessoas que usam drogas tanto pelas estruturas coercitivas do status quo quanto pela potência das agências. O intuito desta pesquisa é discorrer sobre estas duas perspectivas: uma que parte das estruturas repressoras e chega aos agentes; e outra que parte dos agentes e do poder de seu lócus e chega às possibilidades de modificação das estruturas. Na primeira parte argumenta-se que a construção e a manutenção da política de drogas proibicionista é realizada não só por meios materiais e instituições concretas como também por métodos subjetivos cujos significados ressoam no campo cultural do imaginário coletivo. Na segunda parte, a intenção é visibilizar as agências das pessoas que usam drogas, assim como os coletivos e movimentos antiproibicionistas, trazendo considerações sobre suas imaginações e como elas afetam as estruturas de poder. A pesquisa consiste numa discussão bibliográfica e conceitual e traz considerações inspiradas nas teorias pós e de-coloniais sobre os padrões de poder colonialistas e racistas do status quo e sobre as potências de vida e agências da subalternidade. Por fim, o estudo reflete sobre caminhos epistemológicos e sociais que visibilizem as pessoas que usam drogas.

It is possible to see the prohibitionism and people who use drugs both by the coercive structures of the status quo and by the power of agencies. The aim of this research is to discuss these two perspectives: one that starts from the repressive structures and reaches the agents; and another that departs from the agents and the power of its locus and arrives at the possibilities of modification of the structures. In the first part it is argued that the construction and maintenance of the prohibitionist drug policy is carried out not only by material means and concrete institutions but also by subjective methods whose meanings resonate in the cultural field of the collective imaginary. In the second part, the intention is to make visible the agencies of people who use drugs, as well as the anti-prohibitionist groups and movements, bringing considerations about their imaginations and how they affect the structures of power. The research consists of a bibliographical and conceptual discussion and brings insights inspired by post and decolonial theories about the colonialist and racist power standards of the status quo and the potency of life and agencies of subalternity. Finally, the study reflects on epistemological and social paths to make people who use drugs visible.

Investigation of the lethal and behavioral effects of commercial insecticides on the parasitoid wasp Copidosoma truncatellum.

Copidosoma truncatellum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid wasp of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, but its effectiveness can be severely curtailed by the application of certain insecticides. Therefore, to identify insecticides that are potentially compatible with C. truncatellum, the lethal and behavioral effects of nine chemicals used to control the soybean looper were evaluated for their toxicity to the wasp. Chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb were the least toxic insecticides to the parasitoid, resulting in mortalities of less than 25%. In contrast, cartap, deltamethrin, and methomyl caused 100% mortality, and acephate and spinosad caused 76% and 78% mortality, respectively. At least one of the detoxifying enzymes (monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase, and/or esterases) may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the selectivity of chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb for the parasitoid based on the results for the insecticide plus synergist treatment. Changes in the behavioral patterns (walking time and resting time) of the parasitoid were found with exposure to acephate, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and methomyl, but behavioral avoidance was not observed. Our results indicate that the insecticides chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr are the most suitable for inclusion in integrated pest management strategies for the control of C. includens.

Critical revision of the medical treatment of gout in Brazil / Revisão crítica do tratamento medicamentoso da gota no Brasil

ABSTRACT Gout is considered the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in men over 40 years. The authors present a brief review of the current treatment of gout and discuss the existing pharmacological limitations in Brazil for the treatment of this disease. Although allopurinol is still the main drug administered for decreasing serum levels of uric acid in gout patients in this country, the authors also present data that show a great opportunity for the Brazilian drug market for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout and especially for patients using private and public (SUS) health care systems.

RESUMO A gota é considerada a forma mais comum de artrite inflamatória em homens acima de 40 anos. Os autores apresentam uma breve revisão sobre o tratamento atual da gota e discutem as limitações farmacológicas existentes no Brasil para o tratamento dessa enfermidade. Apesar de o alopurinol ainda ser a principal medicação para a redução dos níveis de uricemia de pacientes com gota no país, os autores também apresentam dados que apontam para uma grande oportunidade para o mercado farmacológico brasileiro em relação ao tratamento da hiperuricemia e da artrite gotosa e especialmente para pacientes usuários de sistemas privados de saúde e do SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde).

Critical revision of the medical treatment of gout in Brazil.

Gout is considered the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in men over 40 years. The authors present a brief review of the current treatment of gout and discuss the existing pharmacological limitations in Brazil for the treatment of this disease. Although allopurinol is still the main drug administered for decreasing serum levels of uric acid in gout patients in this country, the authors also present data that show a great opportunity for the Brazilian drug market for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout and especially for patients using private and public (SUS) health care systems.

Arrhythmic storm: Short-coupled variant torsade de pointes.

A 49-year-old woman, with no relevant family history, was admitted in 1996 for arrhythmic storm with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes) which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Iatrogenic causes were excluded, the electrocardiogram (ECG) was normal and there was no structural heart disease. She refused cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Treatment was begun with amiodarone, which she took irregularly. She remained asymptomatic until 2014 when she was admitted for a new arrhythmic storm with torsade de pointes, refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy and aggravated by ventricular pacing (65 defibrillations). She had frequent ventricular extrasystoles (with short-coupled period <300 ms) preceding the tachycardia. After administration of isoprenaline infusion electric stability was maintained. In this setting and in the absence of structural heart disease or iatrogenic cause, a diagnosis of short-coupled variant torsade de pointes was established. A cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted and she was treated with verapamil, without recurrence of arrhythmias.

A experiência do tempo em Merleau-Ponty: contribuições para a fenomenologia clínica / Time experience in Merleau-Ponty: contributions for clinic penhomenology

A experiência do tempo é uma noção central na fenomenologia filosófica e clínica. O tempo na fenomenologia de Merleau-Ponty é uma experiência mundana, subjetiva e inseparável do sujeito. O filósofo entende a vivência do tempo como uma rede de intencionalidades e não como uma sequência estrutural que se ultrapassa a si mesma. Este artigo descreve a experiência do tempo no pensamento de Merleau-Ponty como possível contribuição para a fenomenologia clínica. O tempo éa tensão dialética entre o passado e o futuro, que só se supera na medida em que, conjuntamente, se conserva, ou ainda, é a ambiguidade entre o retencional e o sucessivo. Propomos a noção de experiência do tempo como processo ambíguo como contribuição para a fenomenologia clínica

Diversidade genética estimada com marcadores entre sequências simples repetidas em cultivos comerciais de Cupuaçuzeiro / Genetic diversity estimated using inter-simple sequence repeat markers in commercial crops of cupuassu tree

RESUMO:Quinze primers ISSR (entre sequências simples repetidas) foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre e dentro de pomares comerciais de Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. Para isso, foram analisados sessenta indivíduos, distribuídos nos três cultivos. Um total de 102 bandas foi amplificado, com uma porcentagem de 52,0% de polimorfismo em nível de espécie e média de 6,8 alelos por primer ISSR. A média do Índice de Conteúdo Polimórfico (PIC) foi de 0,55. Em relação aos índices de diversidade gênica de Nei (H) e de Shannon (I), os cultivos analisados apresentaram os valores: SAR H = 0,114 e I = 0,177; SSL H = 0,108 e I = 0,162 e SEC H = 0,104 e I = 0,156, considerados valores de moderados a baixos. A AMOVA revelou 34,91% da variância total entre os cultivos e 65,09% dentro deles. Os marcadores moleculares ISSR revelaram que há diversidade genética dentro de cada cultivo comercial estudado, portanto é possível selecionar genótipos superiores que poderão ser utilizados para originar cultivos mais uniformes. Esse resultado tem sido considerado de grande relevância, por fornecer ferramentas para a implementação de programas de melhoramento e delineamento de estratégias de conservação ex situ e in situ.

ABSTRACT:Fifteen ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) primers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity among and within commercial crops of T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. For this, 60 specimens were analyzed, distributed in three crops. A total of 102 bands were amplified, with a polymorphism percentage of 52.0% at species level and an average of 6.8 alleles per ISSR primer. The average for polymorphism information content (PIC) index was 0.55. In relation to the genetic diversity index of Nei (H), and Shannon (I), crops analyzed showed the following values: : SAR H = 0,114 e I = 0,177; SSL H = 0,108 e I = 0,162 e SEC H = 0,104 e I = 0,156, considered moderate to low values. AMOVA showed 34.91% of total variance among the crops, and 65.09% within them. The ISSR molecular markers revealed that there is genetic diversity within each commercial crops studied, thus is possible to select superior genotypes that can be used to give more uniform crops. This result has been considered of great relevance, to provide tools for breding implementation programs and design conservation strategies ex situ and in situ.